Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles and Molecular Characteristics of Salmonella enterica Serovar Agona Isolated from Food-Producing Animals During 2010-2020 in South Korea.

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica serovar Agona infections affect public health globally. This investigation aimed to ascertain the antimicrobial resistance profiles and molecular characteristics of Salmonella Agona isolates obtained from food-producing animals. A total of 209 Salmonella Agona isolates were recovered from mostly chickens (139 isolates), pigs (56 isolates), cattle (11 isolates), and ducks (3 isolates) between 2010 and 2020 in South Korea. In addition, these Salmonella Agona isolates were obtained from 25 slaughterhouses nationwide. Furthermore, this serotype suddenly increased in chickens in 2020. Salmonella Agona from chickens showed high resistance (69-83%) to ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol. Moreover, chicken/duck isolates (83.1%) showed significantly higher levels of MDR than cattle/pig isolates (1.5%). For molecular analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, infrared spectroscopy biotyping, and multilocus sequence typing in combination, a total of 23 types were observed. Especially two major types, P1-III-2-13 and P1-IV-2-13, comprised 59.3% of the total isolates spreading in most farms. Moreover, Salmonella Agona sequence type (ST)13 was predominant (96.7%) among three different STs (ST13, ST11, and ST292) widely detected in chickens (94.3%) in most farms located nationwide. Taken together, MDR Salmonella Agona in chickens might pose a potential risk to public health through direct contact or the food chain.

Enterococcus cecorum lesion strains are less sensitive to the hostile environment of albumen and more resistant to lysozyme compared to cloaca strains.

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Egg albumen inhibits Enterococcus cecorum cloaca strains more than lesion strains.Enterococcus cecorum lesion strains are resistant to high concentrations of lysozyme.Lysozyme resistance could enhance survival in albumen and body fluids.

Phylo-geographic analysis of whitefly on the basis of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 gene

Abstract Bemisia tabaci is a species complex that causes damage to its broad range of plant hosts through serious feeding. It transmits plant viruses of different groups to important agricultural crops. Some important cash crops of Pakistan are sugar cane, rice, tobacco and seed oil. It shows high genetic variability and is differentiated as races or biotypes. Biotypes are, biotype Q, biotype B, biotype B2, biotype M, biotype L, biotype A, biotype H, biotype C, biotype K, biotype N, biotype R, biotype E, biotype P, biotype J, biotype S, biotype AN. Although the current report based on the Bayesian study of mitochondrial cytohrome oxidase gene1 (CO1) DNA sequences has classified the different populations of whiteflies into twelve genetic groups which are Mediterranean, Sub-Saharan Africa silverleafing, Indian Ocean, Asia II, Asia I, Australia, New World, Italy, China, Sub-Saharan Africa non-silverleafing, Mediterranean/Asia Minor/Africa and Uganda sweet potato. Begomoviruses is largest group of viruses transmitted by B. tabaci and cause major diseases of crops such as tomato and chili leaf curl disease, cassava mosaic disease; yellow mosaic disease of legumes and cotton leaf curl disease. The main objective of current study is to inculpate knowledge regarding genetic diversity of whitefly in cotton fields across Pakistan via analysis of partial DNA sequence of mitochondrial gene Cytochrom Oxidase I (mtCO1).

Resumo Bemisia tabaci é um complexo de espécies que causa danos a uma ampla gama de hospedeiros vegetais por meio de alimentação séria. Ele transmite vírus de plantas de diferentes grupos para importantes safras agrícolas. Algumas safras comerciais importantes do Paquistão são cana-de-açúcar, arroz, tabaco e óleo de semente. Apresenta alta variabilidade genética e é diferenciado em raças ou biótipos. Os biótipos são: biótipo Q, biótipo B, biótipo B2, biótipo M, biótipo L, biótipo A, biótipo H, biótipo C, biótipo K, biótipo N, biótipo R, biótipo E, biótipo P, biótipo J, biótipo S, biótipo AN . Embora o relatório atual baseado no estudo bayesiano das sequências de DNA do gene 1 da oxidase do citocromo mitocondrial (CO1) tenha classificado as diferentes populações de moscas-brancas em doze grupos genéticos, que são Mediterrâneo, África Subsaariana com folha de prata, Oceano Índico, Ásia II, Ásia I, Austrália, Novo Mundo, Itália, China, África Subsaariana sem folha prateada, Batata-doce Mediterrâneo / Ásia Menor / África e Uganda. Os begomovírus são o maior grupo de vírus transmitidos por B. tabaci e causam as principais doenças de culturas, como a doença do cacho do tomate e da pimenta-malagueta, doença do mosaico da mandioca, doença do mosaico amarelo de leguminosas e doença do enrolamento da folha do algodão. O principal objetivo do presente estudo é inculpar conhecimento sobre a diversidade genética da mosca-branca em campos de algodão em todo o Paquistão por meio da análise da sequência parcial de DNA do gene mitocondrial Citocromo Oxidase I (mtCO1).

Phylo-geographic analysis of whitefly on the basis of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 gene / Análise filogeográfica da mosca-branca com base no gene citocromo oxidase 1 mitocondrial

Bemisia tabaci is a species complex that causes damage to its broad range of plant hosts through serious feeding. It transmits plant viruses of different groups to important agricultural crops. Some important cash crops of Pakistan are sugar cane, rice, tobacco and seed oil. It shows high genetic variability and is differentiated as races or biotypes. Biotypes are, biotype Q, biotype B, biotype B2, biotype M, biotype L, biotype A, biotype H, biotype C, biotype K, biotype N, biotype R, biotype E, biotype P, biotype J, biotype S, biotype AN. Although the current report based on the Bayesian study of mitochondrial cytohrome oxidase gene1 (CO1) DNA sequences has classified the different populations of whiteflies into twelve genetic groups which are Mediterranean, Sub-Saharan Africa silverleafing, Indian Ocean, Asia II, Asia I, Australia, New World, Italy, China, Sub-Saharan Africa non-silverleafing, Mediterranean/Asia Minor/Africa and Uganda sweet potato. Begomoviruses is largest group of viruses transmitted by B. tabaci and cause major diseases of crops such as tomato and chili leaf curl disease, cassava mosaic disease; yellow mosaic disease of legumes and cotton leaf curl disease. The main objective of current study is to inculpate knowledge regarding genetic diversity of whitefly in cotton fields across Pakistan via analysis of partial DNA sequence of mitochondrial gene Cytochrom Oxidase I (mtCO1).

Bemisia tabaci é um complexo de espécies que causa danos a uma ampla gama de hospedeiros vegetais por meio de alimentação séria. Ele transmite vírus de plantas de diferentes grupos para importantes safras agrícolas. Algumas safras comerciais importantes do Paquistão são cana-de-açúcar, arroz, tabaco e óleo de semente. Apresenta alta variabilidade genética e é diferenciado em raças ou biótipos. Os biótipos são: biótipo Q, biótipo B, biótipo B2, biótipo M, biótipo L, biótipo A, biótipo H, biótipo C, biótipo K, biótipo N, biótipo R, biótipo E, biótipo P, biótipo J, biótipo S, biótipo AN . Embora o relatório atual baseado no estudo bayesiano das sequências de DNA do gene 1 da oxidase do citocromo mitocondrial (CO1) tenha classificado as diferentes populações de moscas-brancas em doze grupos genéticos, que são Mediterrâneo, África Subsaariana com folha de prata, Oceano Índico, Ásia II, Ásia I, Austrália, Novo Mundo, Itália, China, África Subsaariana sem folha prateada, Batata-doce Mediterrâneo / Ásia Menor / África e Uganda. Os begomovírus são o maior grupo de vírus transmitidos por B. tabaci e causam as principais doenças de culturas, como a doença do cacho do tomate e da pimenta-malagueta, doença do mosaico da mandioca, doença do mosaico amarelo de leguminosas e doença do enrolamento da folha do algodão. O principal objetivo do presente estudo é inculpar conhecimento sobre a diversidade genética da mosca-branca em campos de algodão em todo o Paquistão por meio da análise da sequência parcial de DNA do gene mitocondrial Citocromo Oxidase I (mtCO1).

Seed protein biotyping in Amaranthus species: a tool for rapid identification of weedy amaranths of concern.

BACKGROUND: The Amaranthus genus contains at least 20 weedy and invasive species, including Amaranthus palmeri (palmer's amaranth) and Amaranthus tuberculatus (tall waterhemp), two species of regulatory concern in North America, impacting production and yield in crops like corn, soybean and cotton. Amaranthus tuberculatus is regulated in Canada with limited establishment, while current climate models predict a range expansion of A. palmeri impacting crop growing areas in Ontario, Quebec and Manitoba. Since many Amaranthus species are similar in their morphology, especially at the seed stage, this demands the development of additional methods that can efficiently aid in the detection and identification of these species. Protein biotyping using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) has been traditionally used to identify microorganism species, races and pathotypes. Major protein fractions extracted from an organism, ionized and run through a biotyper using mass spectrometry, result in protein spectra that represent a fingerprint at the species or lower taxonomic rank, providing an efficient molecular diagnostics method. Here we use a modified protein biotyping protocol to extract major protein fractions from seeds of the family Brassicaceae to test our protocol, and then implemented the standardized approach in seeds from Amaranthus species. We then created a database of Amaranthus protein spectra that can be used to test blind samples for a quick identification of species of concern. RESULTS: We generated a protein spectra database with 16 Amaranthus species and several accessions per species, spanning target species of regulatory concern and species which are phylogenetically related or easily confused at the seed stage due to phenotypic plasticity. Testing of two Amaranthus blind sample seed sets against this database showed accuracies of 100% and 87%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our method is highly efficient in identifying Amaranthus species of regulatory concern. The mismatches between our protein biotyping approach and phenotypic identification of seeds are due to absence of the species in the database or close phylogenetic relationship between the species. While A. palmeri cannot be distinguished from A. watsonii, there is evidence these two species have the same native range and are closely related.

Use of 16s rRNA Gene Sequencing for the Identification of Viridans Group Streptococci.

Streptococci belonging to the viridans group are gram-positive bacteria residing as commensals in the upper respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genital tracts in humans. Though they are largely known to be commensals, they may also cause life-threatening infections like infective endocarditis, septicemia, pyogenic infections, pneumonia, and meningitis. The viridans group streptococci (VGS) are usually identified by biotyping; however, species discrimination is not always possible by phenotypic characterization. We identified 53 isolates from blood cultures of patients with infective endocarditis and compared the results of biotyping with 16s rRNA gene sequencing for species identification. Organisms belonging to the mitis group were the most common. 16s rRNA gene polymerase chain reaction and sequencing were useful in identifying the etiological agents at the species level. S.oralis was the most common etiological agent.

Machine Learning of Functional Connectivity to Biotype Alcohol and Nicotine Use Disorders.

BACKGROUND: Magnetic resonance imaging provides noninvasive tools to investigate alcohol use disorder (AUD) and nicotine use disorder (NUD) and neural phenotypes for genetic studies. A data-driven transdiagnostic approach could provide a new perspective on the neurobiology of AUD and NUD. METHODS: Using samples of individuals with AUD (n = 140), individuals with NUD (n = 249), and healthy control participants (n = 461) from the UK Biobank, we integrated clinical, neuroimaging, and genetic markers to identify biotypes of AUD and NUD. We partitioned participants with AUD and NUD based on resting-state functional connectivity (FC) features associated with clinical metrics. A multitask artificial neural network was trained to evaluate the cluster-defined biotypes and jointly infer AUD and NUD diagnoses. RESULTS: Three biotypes-primary NUD, mixed NUD/AUD with depression and anxiety, and mixed AUD/NUD-were identified. Multitask classifiers incorporating biotype knowledge achieved higher area under the curve (AUD: 0.76, NUD: 0.74) than single-task classifiers without biotype differentiation (AUD: 0.61, NUD: 0.64). Cerebellar FC features were important in distinguishing the 3 biotypes. The biotype of mixed NUD/AUD with depression and anxiety demonstrated the largest number of FC features (n = 5), all related to the visual cortex, that significantly differed from healthy control participants and were validated in a replication sample (p < .05). A polymorphism in TNRC6A was associated with the mixed AUD/NUD biotype in both the discovery (p = 7.3 × 10-5) and replication (p = 4.2 × 10-2) sets. CONCLUSIONS: Biotyping and multitask learning using FC features can characterize the clinical and genetic profiles of AUD and NUD and help identify cerebellar and visual circuit markers to differentiate the AUD/NUD group from the healthy control group. These markers support a new growing body of literature.

Characterization of Serotypes and Molecular Drug Resistance Patterns of Haemophilus influenzae in Kunming Children.

The present study aimed to determine the capsular serotype distribution and antimicrobial drug resistance patterns of Haemophilus influenzae from children in the Kunming region of China. This information could guide policymakers in clinical treatment. In the present study, H. influenzae isolates were tested for their serotypes, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, and presence of ß-lactamases. One-hundred forty-eight H. influenzae strains isolated from children 0-2 years old were investigated for capsular types by glass slide agglutination and molecular methods, and biotyped by the biochemical reactions. The drug resistance-encoding genes TEM-1, ROB-1, and the ftsI gene mutations PBP3-3, and PBP3-BLN were detected with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The prevalence of ß-lactamase-producing strains (60.3%) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than non-enzyme-producing strains. ß-Lactamase-producing strains were multidrug resistant to various antibiotics such as ampicillin, tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, cefuroxime, and cefaclor. Among ß-lactamase-producing strains, the detection rates of the TEM-1, PBP3-BLN, PBP3-s, and ROB-1 were 54.1%, 18.9%, 11.8%, and 6.9%, respectively. The biotyping results show that most H. influenzae strains were of type II and III. Non-typeable H. influenzae (NTHi) accounted for 89.3% of the strains. NTHi strains were the most prevalent in this region; most belonged to biological types II and III. ß-Lactamase-positive ampi-cillin-resistant (BLPAR) strains were prevalent among H. influenzae isolates in this region.

Hierarchical Inflammatory Phenotypes of Depression: A Novel Approach Across Five Independent Samples and 27,730 Adults.

BACKGROUND: Although characterizing associations between inflammation and depression may prove critical for informing theory, research, and treatment decisions, extant research has been limited by ignoring the possibility that inflammation may be simultaneously associated with depression broadly and with a subset of symptoms. This lack of direct comparison has hampered attempts to understand inflammatory phenotypes of depression and critically fails to consider that inflammation might be uniquely associated with both depression broadly and individual symptoms. METHODS: We used moderated nonlinear factor analysis in 5 NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) cohorts (N = 27,730, 51% female, mean age = 46 years). RESULTS: C-reactive protein (CRP) is simultaneously associated with latent depression, appetite, and fatigue. Specifically, CRP was associated with latent depression in all 5 samples (rs: 0.044-0.089; ps: < .001-.002) and was associated with both appetite (significant rs: 0.031-0.049, significant ps: .001-.007) and fatigue (significant rs: 0.030-0.054, significant ps: < .001-.029) in 4 samples. These results were largely robust to covariates. CONCLUSIONS: Methodologically, these models indicate that the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 is scalar noninvariant as a function of CRP (i.e., identical Patient Health Questionnaire-9 scores may represent different constructs in those with high vs. low CRP levels). Therefore, mean comparisons of depression total scores and CRP might be misleading without accounting for symptom-specific associations. Conceptually, these findings indicate that studies investigating inflammatory phenotypes of depression should examine how inflammation is simultaneously related both to depression broadly and to specific symptoms, and whether these relations function via different mechanisms. This has the potential to yield new theoretical insights and may lead to the development of novel therapies for reducing inflammation-related symptoms of depression.

Polymyxin sensitivity/resistance cosmopolitan status, epidemiology and prevalence among O1/O139 and non-O1/non-O139 Vibrio cholerae: A meta-analysis.

Resistance/sensitivity to polymyxin-B (PB) antibiotic has been employed as one among other epidemiologically relevant biotyping-scheme for Vibrio cholerae into Classical/El Tor biotypes. However, recent studies have revealed some pitfalls bordering on PB-sensitivity/resistance (PBR/S) necessitating study. Current study assesses the PBR/S cosmopolitan prevalence, epidemiology/distribution among O1/O139 and nonO1/nonO139 V. cholerae strains. Relevant databases (Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed) were searched to retrieve data from environmental and clinical samples employing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Random-effect-model (REM) and common-effect-model (CEM) of meta-analysis was performed to determine prevalence of PBR/S V. cholerae strains, describe the cosmopolitan epidemiological potentials and biotype relevance. Heterogeneity was determined by meta-regression and subgroup analyses. The pooled analyzed isolates from articles (7290), with sensitive and resistance are 2219 (30.44%) and 5028 (69.56%). Among these PB-sensitive strains, more than 1944 (26.67%) were O1 strains, 132 (1.81%) were nonO1 strains while mis-reported Classical biotype were 2080 (28.53) respectively indicating potential spread of variant/dual biotype. A significant PB-resistance was observed in the models (CEM = 0.66, 95% CI [0.65; 0.68], p-value = 0.001; REM = 0.83 [0.74; 0.90], p = 0.001) as both models had a high level of heterogeneity (I2 = 98.0%; df=332=1755.09,Qp=2.4932). Egger test (z = 5.4017, p < 0.0001) reveal publication bias by funnel plot asymmetry. The subgroup analysis for continents (Asia, Africa) and sources (acute diarrhea) revealed (98% CI (0.73; 0.93); 55% CI (0.20; 0.86)), and 92% CI (0.67; 0.98). The Epidemiological prevalence for El tor/variant/dual biotype showed 88% CI (0.78; 0.94) with O1 strains at 88% CI (0.78; 0.94). Such global prevalence, distribution/spread of phenotypes/genotypes necessitates updating the decades-long biotype classification scheme. An antibiotic stewardship in the post antibiotic era is suggestive/recommended. Also, there is need for holistic monitoring/evaluation of clinical/epidemiological relevance of the disseminating strains in endemic localities.

Screening and Enzymatic Evaluation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Populations from Spontaneous Fermentation of Organic Verdejo Wines.

Microbial populations in spontaneous winemaking contribute to the distinctiveness and quality of the wines. In this study, molecular methods were applied to 484 isolated yeasts to survey the diversity of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae population in spontaneous fermentations of organic Verdejo grapes. Identification was carried out at strain level for samples from different vineyards correct.and stages of the winemaking process over the course of two vintages, establishing 54 different strains. The number of isolates belonging to each strain was not homogeneous, as two predominant strains represented more than half of the isolates independent of vineyard or vintage. Regarding the richness and abundance, differences among the stages of fermentation were confirmed, finding the highest diversity values in racked must and in the end of fermentation stages. Dissimilarity in S. cerevisiae communities was found among vineyards and vintages, distinguishing representative groups of isolates for each of the populations analysed. These results highlight the effect of vineyard and vintage on yeast communities as well as the presence of singular strains in populations of yeasts. Oenologically relevant enzymatic activities, ß-lyase, protease and ß-glucanase, were detected in 83.9%, 96.8% and 38.7% of the isolates, respectively, which may be of interest for potential future studies.

The Application of MALDI-TOF MS for a Variability Study of Paenibacillus larvae.

In recent decades, the significant deterioration of the health status of honey bees has been observed throughout the world. One of the most severe factors affecting the health of bee colonies worldwide is American foulbrood disease. This devastating disease, with no known cure, is caused by the Gram-positive spore-forming bacteria of Paenibacillus larvae species. At present, DNA-based methods are being used for P. larvae identification and typing. In our study, we compare two of the most advanced DNA-based technologies (rep-PCR and 16S rRNA analyses) with MALDI-TOF MS fingerprinting to evaluate P. larvae variability in Central Europe. While 16S rRNA analysis presents a very limited variation among the strains, MALDI-TOF MS is observed to be more efficient at differentiating P. larvae. Remarkably, no clear correlation is observed between whole-genome rep-PCR fingerprinting and MALDI-TOF MS-based typing. Our data indicate that MALDI-TOF protein profiling provides accurate and cost-effective methods for the rapid identification of P. larvae strains and provides novel perspectives on strain diversity compared to conventional DNA-based genotyping approaches. The current study provides a good foundation for future studies.

Non-typhoidal Salmonella infections across India: emergence of a neglected group of enteric pathogens.

Objective: Non-typhoidal Salmonellae (NTS) are a neglected group of enteric pathogens whose prevalence is increasing at alarming rates across India. The disease burden is being underestimated because of a lack of effective surveillance of NTS infections in the Indian population. This study depicts the acquisition of NTS infection, and its persistence and spread through a diverse range of hosts, including humans and animals, and food and environmental sources. Methods: During the study period from 2016 to 2018, a total of 999 suspected NTS isolates were received from across India and were phenotypically and serologically characterized for the presence of NTS. Results: Of the 999 isolates, 539 (53.95%) were confirmed as NTS, consisting of 17 different NTS serovars. The majority were isolated from human samples (n = 319, 59.18%), followed by food products (n = 99, 18.37%), animals (n = 83, 15.4%) and the environment (n = 38, 7.05%). Some predominant serovars obtained included S. Typhimurium (n = 167, 30.98%), S. Lindenberg (n = 135, 25.05%), S. Enteritidis (n = 56, 10.39%), S. Weltevreden (n = 44, 8.16%), S. Choleraesuis (n = 41, 7.61%) and S. Mathura (n = 33, 6.12%). Conclusion: This study depicts the NTS disease burden across India, on the basis of the isolation of NTS serovars across diverse geographic locations. The emergence of newer or less common NTS serovars implicated in human infection poses a potential challenge to the healthcare system in India. Therefore, national and regional level surveillance is needed to implement effective control strategies and safeguard community health in India.

Monitoring changes in invasive disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae in the Czech Republic between 1999 and 2020.

AIM: To assess the trends and changes in the incidence of invasive disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae in the Czech Republic (CR) between 1999 and 2020 with regard to the introduction of childhood vaccination against H. influenzae serotype b (Hib) in 2001. Characterization of strains by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and search for correlations between serotypes, sequence types, and patient groups or clinical manifestations of the disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 623 invasive H. influenzae strains from surveillance of invasive Haemophilus disease in the Czech Republic were analysed. All strains were biotyped based on phenotypic characteristics and serotyped using slide agglutination with specific a-f antisera. Three hundred and eighty-three strains from the collection of the National Reference Laboratory for Haemophilus Infections (NRL HEM) originating from surveillance in the CR were analysed by MLST and assigned to sequence types (ST). For analyses, the dataset was supplemented with five strains from the PubMLST database of serotypes rarely or not at all found in the CR. Similarity calculations based on MLST and strain (serotype, biotype, ST) and patient (diagnosis, sex, age) data were performed in BioNumerics 7.6. RESULTS: After the introduction of Hib vaccination in 2001, a dramatic decline of more than 90% was observed in invasive Hib disease over the following years. Between 1999 and 2020, a total of 623 cases of invasive disease caused by H. influenzae were recorded in the CR, with about 20 cases reported annually in recent years. At present, the dominant agents causing Haemophilus invasive disease in the CR are non-enveloped strains (HiNT) followed by strains of Hif and Hie serotypes. The most common manifestation of Haemophilus invasive disease in the pre-vaccination era was meningitis, while now it is sepsis. Sequence types of 383 strains from the NRL HEM collection originating from surveillance in the CR were analysed. The results showed high clonality of the encapsulated strains and diversity of HiNT strains, which is consistent with the results of others. Strain similarity analysis showed no demonstrable relationships between patient age or clinical manifestation and serotype and ST. CONCLUSION: In invasive Haemophilus disease, there has been a dramatic change as a result of Hib vaccination after 2001, with a reduction of cases caused by Hib from tens to units annually. In the last decade, the situation in the CR has been stable with no significant changes in the number of cases or in the representation of causative serotypes and is in line with the reports from other EU countries. In order to monitor further developments, it is desirable that the NRL HEM should continue the surveillance of invasive disease caused by H. influenzae, including molecular biological characteristics of strains. MLST allows the characterisation of strains based on allelic variants of selected housekeeping genes, but it does not allow the association of specific H. influenzae sequence types with patient age, sex or clinical manifestations. In the future, whole genome sequencing could be a useful tool for determining the correlation between the disease and specific strains.

Molecular detection, biotyping and serotyping of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from chicken livers in Tabriz.

INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE: Yersinia enterocolitica belongs to the family of Enterobacteriaceae and is a psychrophilic pathogen that is associated with foodborne infections. It usually causes gastroenteritis, mesenteric lymphadenitis, and septicemia. This study aimed to molecular detection, biotyping, and serotyping of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from chicken livers in Tabriz. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred chicken liver samples were collected randomly from poultry slaughterhouses in Tabriz for three months. After enrichment process, the presence of Yersinia enterocolitica in studied samples was determined through culture-based methods, biochemical and molecular tests. Then the biotype and serotype of the isolates were determined. RESULTS: 31 samples (31%) were positive for Yersinia enterocolitica by both phenotypic and molecular assays. Among positive samples, 25 (80.64%) had non-pathogenic biotype 1 A with serotype O: 5 (23 samples) and O: 8 (2 samples). 6 (19.36%) had biotype 1B and all of them had O: 3 serotype. The serotype Yersinia enterocolitica O: 9 was not found. CONCLUSION: the present study highlighted the significance of chicken liver as potential source of Yersinia enterocolitica infection in Tabriz city.

Analysis of bacterial biotyping datasets with a mass-based phylonumerics approach.

A mass tree, phylonumerics approach, is implemented for the first time with expressed protein mass data acquired in biotyping applications. It is shown, for two separate and diverse bacterial datasets, that the MassTree algorithm can be used to build phylogenetic trees in a single step that mirror those output by biotyping analysis software in the form of a main spectral profile (MSP) dendrogram or alike. Adapted for these applications to accommodate higher mass inputs and large mass error tolerances for pairwise matching, the mass tree algorithm and approach offers an alternative to commercial biotyping platforms by utilizing datasets acquired from any mass spectrometer without the need for specialized and expensive software.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry in veterinary medicine: Recent advances (2019-present).

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) has become a valuable laboratory tool for rapid diagnostics, research, and exploration in veterinary medicine. While instrument acquisition costs are high for the technology, cost per sample is very low, the method requires minimal sample preparation, and analysis is easily conducted by end-users requiring minimal training. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight MS has found widespread application for the rapid identification of microorganisms, diagnosis of dermatophytes and parasites, protein/lipid profiling, molecular diagnostics, and the technique demonstrates significant promise for 2D chemical mapping of tissue sections collected postmortem. In this review, an overview of the MALDI-TOF technique will be reported and manuscripts outlining current uses of the technology for veterinary science since 2019 will be summarized. The article concludes by discussing gaps in knowledge and areas of future growth.

Seroprevalence trend of human brucellosis and MLVA genotyping characteristics of Brucella melitensis in Shaanxi Province, China, during 2008-2020.

In this study, a total of 179,907 blood samples from populations with suspected Brucella spp. infections were collected between 2008 and 2020 and analyzed by the Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT) and serum agglutination test (SAT). Moreover, conventional biotyping, B. abortus-melitensis-ovis-suis polymerase chain reaction (AMOS-PCR), and multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) was applied to characterize the isolated strains. A total of 8103 (4.50%) samples were positive in RBPT, while 7705 (4.28%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.19-4.37) samples were positive in SAT. There was a significant difference in seroprevalence for human brucellosis over time, in different areas and different cities (districts) (χ2 = 2 = 32.23, 1984.14, and 3749.51, p < .05). The highest seropositivity (8.22% (4, 965/60393; 95% CI 8.00-8.44) was observed in Yulin City, which borders Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, and Gansu Province, China, regions that have a high incidence of human brucellosis. Moreover, 174 Brucella strains were obtained, including nine with B. melitensis bv. 1, 145 with B. melitensis bv. 3, and 20 with B. melitensis variants. After random selection, 132 B. melitensis were further genotyped using MLVA-16. The 132 strains were sorted into 100 MLVA-16 genotypes (GTs) (GT 1-100), 81 of which were single GTs represented by singular independent strains. The remaining 19 shared GTs involved 51 strains, and each GT included two to seven isolates from the Shaan northern and Guanzhong areas. These data indicated that although sporadic cases were a dominant epidemic characteristic of human brucellosis in this province, more than 38.6% (51/132) outbreaks were also found in the Shaan northern area and Guanzhong areas. The 47 shared MLVA-16 GTs were observed in strains (n = 71) from this study and strains (n = 337) from 19 other provinces of China. These data suggest that strains from the northern provinces are a potential source of human brucellosis cases in Shaanxi Province. It is urgent to strengthen the surveillance and control of the trade and transfer of infected sheep among regions.

In vivo typing of Escherichia coli obtained from laying chickens with the E. coli peritonitis syndrome.

Fourteen genetically different chicken Escherichia coli strains were biotyped in hens to examine if any E. coli strain at high dose can induce the E. coli peritonitis syndrome (EPS). Moreover, biotyping was performed in embryos and the median lethal dose (LD50) of three strains was determined in hens. Nine strains were obtained from femur marrow and one strain from caecum of hens that had died from EPS. One strain originated from the inflamed pericardium of a broiler and three strains from the cloaca of specified pathogen-free (SPF) broiler breeders. Strains were inoculated intratracheally into separate groups of 32 productive SPF White Leghorn (WL) hens at a dose of 7.8-9.2 log10 colony forming units (CFU) per hen and into the allantoic cavity of separate groups of 20 SPF WL embryos incubated during 14 days in a dose of 4.2-4.6 log10 CFU per embryo. The embryo test was replicated. Bone marrow and pericardium strains induced EPS, the other strains did not. Based on mortality in hens, EPS-inducing strains could be classified as very virulent (59-100% mortality), moderately virulent (38% mortality) and low virulent (6% mortality). In productive SPF WL hens, the LD50 of three very virulent strains ranged from <2.7 to 5.3 log10 CFU. Virulent and avirulent strains killed 60-95% and 0-30% of embryos, respectively. The embryo lethality test, which showed good reproducibility, did not discriminate within virulent strains, but can nevertheless be considered as a useful alternative for biotyping E. coli in productive hens.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTSEven at high doses, no E. coli strain could induce EPS.Substantial differences in virulence exist within very virulent E. coli strains.The embryo lethality test is a useful alternative for biotyping E. coli in laying hens.Broiler colibacillosis may represent a source of EPS strains for layers and vice versa.